Glossary

Acetate Pulps - Highly-purified pulps made to react with acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and a catalyst to make textile fibers, cigarette filter tow and film or plastics applications. Other cellulose esters can also be made with cellulose acetate and are used in coatings like automobile paints or other applications.

American Forest & Paper Association - The national trade association of the forest, paper and wood products industry. It represents member companies engaged in growing, harvesting and processing wood and wood fiber, manufacturing pulp, paper and paperboard products from both virgin and recycled fiber and producing engineered and traditional wood products. See http://www.afandpa.org for more information.

Board Foot - A section of wood 12 inches long, 12 inches wide and one inch thick, or the equivalent cubic content. In practice, the working unit is 1,000 board feet (MBF). It takes 7,000 to 10,000 board feet (7 to 10 MBF) of lumber to build a 2,100 square-foot home.

Chemical Cellulose or Dissolving Pulp - Wood pulp of high purity, manufactured to exacting specifications as a raw material to make artificial fibers, plastics and chemicals and sold at a higher price than fluff pulp and commodity pulp.

Chip - A small, thin wafer of wood that is created by cutting a log at a precise angle along the grain and subsequently splits off from the parent wood. It has specific dimensions and is used as the basic raw material for wood pulp production.

Commodity Pulp - Wood pulp, with limited product and quality differentiation, which is sold to manufacturers of paper and paperboard; often referred to as paper pulp.

Crown Forest Licenses - A License granted by the New Zealand Government giving the Licensee the exclusive right to operate forestry assets on land held by the New Zealand Government (Crown land), pending claims by the Maoris, the indigenous people of New Zealand. These Licenses run for an initial term of 35 years from the original commencement date, and thereafter are automatically renewed on an annual basis until terminated by a 35-year notice pending the future status of the land in relation to land claims by the Maoris.

Ethers Pulps - Generally these are high-purity, high-viscosity pulps that are swollen in sodium hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or chlorides--like ethylene oxide or methyl chloride--to form an organic polymer called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.). Cellulose ethers are used for thickening of fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks, and hundreds of other applications.

Fluff Pulp - Wood pulp, with good absorption properties, primarily used in making disposable diapers, feminine hygiene and adult incontinence products and sold at a higher price than commodity pulp.

The Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) - An international organization that promotes responsible management of the world's forests. FSC accredits capable independent third party organizations to certify forest managers and forest product producers against its Principles and Criteria (Standards).

Forest Yield, or Yield - Volume or weight of wood produced in relation to acreage upon which it is grown.

Geographic Information System (GIS) - A computer-based data analysis source bringing together various stratified data related to a specific location. GIS can combine data to provide broader understanding of a specific location.

Hardwoods - A general term referring to any of a variety of trees with broad, flat, deciduous leaves (like oaks) and to wood from those trees. Tropical hardwoods and some species in the southern U.S., such as live oaks, do not shed their leaves all at one time.
 
High Performance Specialty Fibers - A family of fibers that may be high purity cellulose or cellulose fibers that have been chemically or physically modified. Their applications range from filtration papers to composite material reinforcement to absorbent products. They may be found in consumer products such as automotive air and oil filters.

ISO 9001 - Worldwide quality certification; the name given to an international set of standards issued in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization, covering the management of a quality system designed to control variables involved in producing a quality product.

ISO 14001 - A specific standard (in the ISO 14000 series of international standards that have been developed to incorporate environmental aspects into business operations and product standards) for a management system that incorporates a set of interrelated elements designed to minimize an organization's impact on the environment.

Kraft Pulping Process - The kraft pulping(or sulfate) process is an alkaline process for separating cellulose fibers from other components contained in wood. In this process wood chips are mixed with a "liquor" composed of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and sodium sulfide at high temperature. The chemicals decompose the lignin (glue) that holds the fibers together in a tree and leaves the fibers intact.

Markers - An identifiable physical location on a chromosome (e.g., restriction enzyme-cutting site, gene) whose inheritance can be monitored. Markers can be expressed regions of DNA (genes), or some segment of DNA with no known coding function, but whose pattern of inheritance can be determined.

Microcrystalline Cellulose Pulps - Like Ethers Pulps, these pulps are used in thickening and pharmaceutical applications, particularly in construction of tablets and other non-capsular pills.

Nitration Pulps - High-purity pulps that are reacted with nitric acid to form a class of chemical derivatives called cellulose nitrates which are used in applications from solvents to smokeless (gunpowder) propellants.

Pacific Rim - The countries contiguous to the Pacific Ocean, including New Zealand, China, Japan, Korea, Russia, Canada, the United States, Mexico and Chile.

Paper Pulp - see Commodity Pulp

Pattern and Dimension Lumber - Basic construction lumber used for studs and walls.

Polymer - A chemical term for several classes of organic or carbon containing chemicals where a monomer or single chemical molecule is connected to itself in repeating units to form a chemical "chain." An example of a polymer is cellulose, a repeating chain of glucose (sugar). Other examples are polyesters, nylons, viscose, lyocell, polyolefins, and polystyrenes.

Pulp - The generic term describing the cellulose fibers derived from wood. Rayonier Performance Fibers are produced by the sulfate (kraft) process and the sulfite process.

Pulpwood - Wood cut primarily to be converted into wood pulp for the manufacture of paper, fiberboard or other wood fiber products. Pulpwood size trees are usually a minimum of four inches DBH (Diameter at Breast Height).

Rayonier Research Center - The primary Rayonier facility charged with responsibility for the Performance Fibers technology development including new product and process development as well as customer and operations technical support. The Rayonier Research Center is composed of approximately 55 scientists and engineers focused on research and development in cellulose fiber manufacture and application technology for cellulose derivatives, regenerated cellulose, and specialty fibers.

Root Cuttings - A slip or shoot cut from a plant (tree) and rooted. Note: At Rayonier we prune young trees from known families, so they grow like a small hedge, proliferating shoots. We take cuttings from these hedges.

Rotation, or Growing Cycle - The number of years trees are allowed to grow from planting to harvest.

Saw Timber - Wood that is suitable for sawing into lumber. In this area it will usually be fairly straight, free of limbs and knots and greater than 8.5 inches DBH (Diameter at Breast Height).

Second and Third Growth - Forests that originated naturally or were planted on the site of a previous stand, which was removed by cutting or natural causes such as forest fires.

Seed Orchard - A plantation of genetically-superior trees, isolated to prevent pollination from outside sources, grown and treated to produce frequent, abundant, easily-harvested seed crops.

Seedling - A young tree before it reaches the sapling stage.

Silviculture - The art and science of growing and tending a forest.

Softwood - A general term referring to any of a variety of trees having needle-like, persistent leaves (like pines) and to wood from those trees. Some species of softwoods, like cypress and larch, shed all their leaves all at one time.

Specialty Performance Fibers - This term refers to cellulose fibers designed for applications other than conventional paper applications, but includes uses for chemical cellulose, specialty papers and thermoplastic reinforcement. Cellulose purity is typically higher in specialty cellulose fibers than in conventional fibers destined for conventional paper applications and are typically fibers that are converted to a chemical end-use, or ones that are mixed with other fibers or chemicals in their applications.

Species - A fundamental biological classification, comprising a subdivision of a genus and consisting of a number of plants or animals, all of which have a high degree of similarity. Note: At Rayonier, we may refer to a pine as the genus and "loblolly" as the species.

Stand - An easily-defined area of the forest that is relatively uniform in species composition or age, and can be managed as a single unit.

Sulfate Pulping Process - See Kraft Pulping Process.

Sulfite Pulping Process - The sulfite process is an acid process that typically uses a base salt of ammonia, magnesium, calcium or sodium to remove the lignin (glue) that holds the wood fibers together so that the fibers can be processed into high-performance pulp products. The sulfite process is a more specific chemical pulping process than is the kraft process in that it does not degrade the cellulose in the fibers as extensively. It is used widely where customers desire high cellulose intrinsic viscosities.

Sustainable Forestry Initiative^® - The Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) program is an exacting standard of environmental principles, objectives and performance measures that integrates the perpetual growing and harvesting of trees with the protection of wildlife, plants, soil and water quality, and a wide range of other conservation goals.

Viscose Pulps - Viscose pulps are high purity pulps that are mixed with sodium hydroxide to form a material called alkali cellulose and then reacted in a mixture of sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. This resulting substance, called cellulose xanthate is further reacted with a mineral acid to regenerate pure cellulose. The regenerated cellulose can be a fiber, like rayon, or other forms such as the film, cellophane.

Yield - see Forest Yield